Aerial trainer



00L 7, 1947. w, s, A 2,428,432

' AERIAL TRAINER Filed Feb. 8, 1945 9 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR ATTORNEY Oct. 7, 1947. w. s. PARK 2 AERIAL TRAINER I Filed Feb. 8, 1943 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 any 9% INVENTOR H a//ae SP/07%? ATTORNEY W. S. PARK AERIAL TRAINER Oct. 7, 1947.

Filed Feb. 8, 1945 9 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR Wd/h'e 6707/6 ATTORNEY Oct. 7, 1947. w. s. PARK 2,428,432

AERIAL TRAINER Filed Feb. 8, 945 9 Sheets-Sheet 4 f /6Z 95 A $31 90 @1 2 5/1 (A 4 /3/4 7&05 /000- ATTORNEY Oct. 7, w. s. PARK AERIAL TRAINEii 9 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Feb. 8, 1943 ATTORNEY Oct. 7,' 1947. w. s. PARK AERIAL TRAINER Fil gd Feb, 8, 1943 9 sheet -sheet 6 C .III I 9 myx or/f' ATTORNEY j INVENTOR IVdflare J/a Z Oct. 7, 1947.

Filed Feb. 8, 1943 w. s. PARK I AERIAL TRAINER 9 Sheets-Sheet 7 -XZ-- 1K IL Ji 2 92 (5f INVENTOR 7 y Wa/hae J/a m Par/f' ATTORNEY Oct. 7, 1947. w, s, PARK 2,428,432

AERIAL TRAINER Filed Feb. 8, 1945 e Sheets -Shqet s //6 //6A /5 /OJ' //-3 (/6 m 1-. as f lj/ K 5M 5 r i 02 A /24 INVENTOR I Lv-T M61158 [Va/kg ATTORNEY Oct. 7,1947. I P w. s; PARK 2,428,432

' AERIAL TRAINER Filed Feb. -8, 1945 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 mvENTo'k V Wa/h'ce Jake f9? BY ATTORNEY IPatented Oct. 7, 1947 PATENT OFFICE AERIAL TRAINEE 14 Clii mS.

This "izive'ntioii z i j e t e erial trainer of the grounded type; ai'nd the r ne'thqd of training aji rart ersgnne q must p skilledinlocatin and appraising terraiieeh objects. Moire partic uleriy, this'iziile ntibri re'lite'swb an aerial trainer of the gro-un'c iedjtype; a idjthe method'of'tr'aining Students to make eieiia l phdtoi'iiphs'siuitable for aerialmippingj. r t H An Qbjettof this i Yefnticiii is topr'dvide tipparat is for training" lst ident aerial piticitogrmheis ar d bombardier's' Withd it the iisej'of' an aerial've} hicle and without aetiially taking photographs or' die dping bombs; t

Another object of their ventierijisfte provide apparatus, of the c l'asjsfdesigi ated, into'which'cain be simulated the usual difficulties encountered by the phetdgiaphei o boinbardi'er on a; typical mappin of bombiiigmiss'idh. The'sedifficulties' are 'crab, tilt anditixiieinteiya l btweeh the acti dris of manipg atmgflacemera er a bomb trip mechanism; Obviously; bfqth missions can be cefhbined,;ai1d' since' sighting for aerial-fphdtdg? rapl iy arid for' droppii g eeriel-bombe'are qiiit'e similar ref ere'r iceik eijei'n to? photegifa'phy' is to be unde fstood esiefefpihgtd b'pth'bj saidjarts."

Anether objectei the invention is to 'pfo'vide n'ieehe i01 creating the illusion of an aerial veiii-ole flying pv'e r' a, te rain 1 or lendscai e'i me'ahs'j for reeo'ytlipg thef tudeiits;manipulation of an aerial am rana eorieu rently" recording the" coiuiitiqngintrodgeed by" ab instructor during'a; given pei iod'bflirainijjlg:

A f urther gbjeet of this iiiventigxi i j be 'prqvide a; trainer" s useebtible offliaiving' all the firi 'eg'ulaiiir c nd rr s. o ge'nqimal i hbl h h im fi' introducedthereinbytheirietifuctor; tbjta'x, cfonp fuse andfdeijei'dp' the fstu de nt whq is: 'cen'currentl y' ob servi rig the ter'rai nfo landseepei and. endeavor-, ing tq eorreet for-theirregularities"introduced by' strucipr A .1 t.

A still' furtherobjectpf tl e myen tiozi 15' to p1 0 vide a trainei having a; u iveieei' moii'riting' fdr '1 a cem'ei a' ee ridhy'e tiltable cabin of j the trainie g iz'ontel flight of 1943, Serial No. 475 179 4 rl'ativ'e pdsitidns' bftheinnrrmg'lnegane puteri ring v I 09 of I the gimbal eamere-mourit iC"showiff' on an enlarged scale inFiures 21 aim 22; 1

l iigu e 7 is a front eleya tional vieiifiofi theta; I uiiit B 'as 'viewewin'Figufe '15, except the'je 45 5g eapi net 5 ar d frpnt table unit", Aghav n" it a; -aim a tsisii 0h er ijenlaigd Figure 10 isaimruai se'dtibiial View teiiefi 5165i in the upper left hand portion of Figure 7, which view has been shown on an enlarged scale to illustrate more clearly the dog 99 and operating lever IOI Figure 13 is a partial elevational view taken along lines I3--l3 of Figure 12 to show the relation of the racks I000 and IUGD, dog 99, lever I5! and push rod 96, which rod is engaged by the game lever It! when the table units have reached the;

end of their forward travel;

Figure 14 is a partial elevational view taken along lines I4I4 of Figure 12 to show the rela-' tion of the racks 106C and MD, do 99, lever lfil and push rod 91, which rod is engaged'by.

the lever lill when the table units have reached the end of their rearward travel;

Figure 15 is a front elevational View of the trainer shown in Figure 1, with a portion of the cabin 50 cut-away to show the camera 56;

Figures 16, v17 and'l8 are schematic flight lines illustrating the record made by the students 'marker SM, and the instructors marker IM; the

irregular line 34A in Figure 18 representing a simulated flight course, while the straight line in Figures 16, 17 and 18 represent a theoretical line of straight flight;

Figure 19 is a partialside elevational View of the table units A and Bas viewed in Figure 6, except the cabin 50 and cabinet 5| have been omitted, and the parts shown on an enlarged scale to illustrate more clearly the relation of the various cooperating devices; V

Figure 20 isa plan view of Figure 19;

Figure 21 is a partial side elevational view of the gimbal mount C for the camera 56 and the printer ring assembly P as viewed in Figure 6, except the cabin 50 and cabinet 5| have been omittedand the parts shown on an enlarged scale;';.-

Figure22 is a plan view of Figure 21;

Figure 23 is a rear elevational view of the trainer shown in Figure 1, with a portion of the cabin 50 cut-away to show the position of the camera 56; and a portion of the cabinet 5| cutaway to show the tilt pulleys 95, tilt cable 94, and the support ledge 54 for the table units A and B;

Figure 24 is a schematic diagram of the electrical circuit employed on the trainer shown in Figure 1; V

Figure 25 isa partial front elevational View of theprinting mechanism per se as viewed in Figure 15, except the table A, cabin 50, and cabinet 5| are omitted, and the parts shown on an enlarged scale; a

Figure 26 is a bottom View of the students marker printer;

Figure 27 is a bottom view of the instructors marker printer; V

Figure 28 is a partial side elevational view of the printing mechanism per se as viewed in Figure 6, except the table A, cabin 50 and cabinet 5| areomitted, and the parts shown on an enlarged scale; 1

Figure 29 is a partial front elevational view of the students printing mechanism as viewed in Figure 25 and shown on an enlarged scale with the solid lines indicatin the normal or rest position for the parts, and the broken lines indicat- 4 N 7' ing the relative positions in operating condition: Figures 30 to 38, inclusive, diagrammatically illustrate the table units A and B in several of their operating positions relative to the pivotal axis A66 and B55 as indicated by the circles appearing within the margin of the respective table units; the table unit A having an open top and supporting a mosaic or photographic transparency more fully described hereinafter, and the table unit B having a solid top, for supporting a record sheet to receive the printedimpressions of the students marker SM, instructors marker IM and simulated flight course 34A; Figure 30 illustrates the relative positions of the table units in the middle of the central flight line without crab; Figure 31 illustrates the relative positions of the table units at the end of the central flight line without crab; Figure 32 illustrates the relative positions of the table units at the beginning of the central flight line without crab; Figure 33 illustrates the relative positions at the middle of the first flight line without crab; Figure 34 illustrates the relative positions at the middle of the last flight line without crab; Figure ,35 illustrates the relative positions at the end of the last flight line with 20 degrees crab to the left; Figure 36 illustrates the relative position at the beginning of the last flight line with 20 degrees crab to the left; Figure 37 illustrate the relative positions in the middle of the central flight line with 20 degrees crab to the right; and Figure 38 illustratesthe relative positions in the middle of the central flight line with 20 degrees crab to the left.

Referring'now to Figures 1, 2, 15 and 23 of the drawings, numeral 59 designates a cabin and 5| a cabinet, the former mounted on the latter by means of bearings 52 and 53.' As shown in Figure 6, a ledge 54 extends through the center of cabinet 5! for supporting. table unit assemblies A and B. As illustrated in Figure 20, table tops A65, B55, of these units, are coupled together for a simultaneous operation and manipulation by means of the connecting rods 70 pivoted thereto at pivots 1|. On the front of the cabin, i. e. the right side as viewed in Figure 1 and left hand side in Fig. 6, is mounted the printing ring assembly indicated generally'by reference character P while, in the cabin, is mounted the camera mount closure employs a 6-12 volt three wire system and electrical apparatus it is to be understood that other standard systems can be employed.

To approach actual operating conditions, there are mounted in the cabin 50, in a manner similar to the mounting in an airplane, a magazine 56 of 'a standard aerial camera and a view-finder 51 as illustrated in Figures 1, 6, 15 and 23. The usual camera mount in an airplane is a gimbal that permits correction for tilt of about 10 degrees throughout a horizontal angle of 360 degrees and also permits rotation of the camera about its vertical axis through 360 degrees. The usual mount for the view-finder may be either a imbaL which will permit the same corrections that are possible with the camera, or it may be a tint-a fifths airplane which mins corrections only abeut the vertical allob'jects projected into the lis on 'ftl'ief'g'r'ound glass. On ar'dr'a'it/n' two lines parallel parallel "to thelatitudinal axis and so spaeeaas to represent the '"neve eaby ne airplane between lbe referred to as the 3 es ,ii the viewffinde'r'. Also drawn 0" v "s are several lines equally speeed'and which a e' paralllel vto the longitudinal ears of, thetrainer and which will be referred to aj """dinal'lines oi'thevi'evv-finder. The

I theproperinterval between exis eve nee y the amount of time it I to tr 'z'ivel thedistance covered sable p0 1ori6f1eachindividua1 photoljin c'c'ord'ancetvithstandard equipment rarmar r ak ne i.

nFig, 6;"a table unit assembly B "ouiited'beneath the view finder 52, "es thereof coincident with the ttin'g them to gether as practiced art of aerial mapp ng. A transparency o'f'this. mbly ofblidtographs by photo- Figure "7 the detail on the which sfp'roj'ected into the view- 9, reflector 88 and mirror vement-crthe ground under in fl 'gh'tas suggested above, The i te 'aljb'ettveen exposures is determined st' nt'bybb'serving the length of time eectefd jpbject on'the mosaic to v "latitudinal lines. Inasmuch ihtejrvalbetween'exposuresis not the same ifieije ritfflight linesthis change is introduced by me'ansj of'rheostat 6!, shown gurefi hwh'ich cfo'ntrols the speed '58 hoigvnasKL'in Fig, 251, thereby pro- "tioni'ni'the intervalfrom 7 seconds to mission, is necessarytfor the photoret to: (hold. the '1ongitu'dina'laxis of the camera" parallel to the i flight line at the instant of "ex posur 'toelimin atec rab To determin'e the ear rect gle of crab, the photographer "rotates the e -fihde a iit v l x Hil e t e '95 jects that ar prqjected jonto the ground glass move'in afdirectionparallel to the longitudinallines. When nqview-ender 4 has been turned *to the proper 'cr ab angle; thle camera is then'rotated about its vertical axis until 'it is parallel to the view-finder or until it has the same crab angleas the finderk While it 'is practical 'to interconnect thegcamera and view-finder j for siniul;

taneous manipulation, the independent-status or these unitsfg ives the student'more training. W

Tilt is defined fas the rotation of the "camera aboutgits lon'gitudinaljor latitudinal axis; Vertical aerialiphotographsmust be as free from tilt'as possible, Tilt -i'sdue to the camera being moved about its longitudinal or latitudinal so that s "vertical axis is not perpendicular to thejground; atthe instant 'of'exposure. This-is I commohly caused 'byfthe airplane being moved about its horizontal axis and this displacement is corrected or compensated for by the photo's"- rapher properly levelirig the camera With the use oi conventional, level bubbles that are regular qui m tpe x e i am ra' e'mpst i quentdirection or; tilt is 'aboutfthe longitudinal axisjbut ita'lso occursina1f0re and aft direc tionandthis is commonly referred toas ti'pjf' Inasmuch a's it isdiificult to level 'a ,camera in one direct-ion without throwing'it oif level in another "direction, tilt is introduced into this trainer. in onlyone direction, which is about the longitudinal 'axis. However in the event fa greater degree'of tip-isdesired cabin li fl-can be mounted on an appropriate gimbal and maniph lated by the instructor. v q

in "actual vmapping "it is customary to fly a sufficient number or 'parallelfiight strips to cover the areatobejmapped The usual procedure is employed for-properly and equally spacingt'h'es e' strips. To simulate-these difierent flights in the trainer, 'provision'is made for automatically shifting tl'i'eitab les A anfd'jB 'laterallyiand providing for nine strips to each record sheet. At the endofeai'ch fiig'ht linejthe tables are returned to the starting position by reversing the-drive motor by nieans of switch X2 shown in Figure 24'. I t

The apparatus for manipulating the mosaic and recordingthe'position of the'axis of the camera at the instant the student operates the camera trip will'now'be described. 'It should-- be'rernembered that the camera trip'normallyi operates a camera shutter; here the camera trip closes contacts FFl controlling an electrical circuit, which is' shown in Figure 24 and described more" completely hereinafter. As illustrated in" Figures 6, '7, 19*and20, each table unit AB, is composed 0f three sections a base, an intermedi-' ate slide and'the upper. member referred to as table top, designated as A63, A64, A65 and. B63, B64 and B65, respectively Ba'se A63 is at-l tached to the verticalshaft ABS by meansf'ot flange A5! while base B63 is attached to vertical shaft, B66 by means of flange B61, Figure 20. This structure provides rotation about a vertical axis. The intermediate slid A 64, which permits transverse motion, is mounted on thebase A63 by means of horizontal rods A68 and B64 "is mounted 011 363 by'means of B6B and slides transverselyth'ereon. Table top A65 carries the record'sheet'andt'able tonnes-carries theniosaic' transparency. Table top A65 is attached to the slides in a forward and backward direction on these rods while table top B is similarly mounted.

on corresponding members having corresponding designating characters of B series. These table tops are driven at a selected uniform speed by the drive motor 58 which is mounted on table unit B as shown in Figure '7. The direction of the movement of the table tops during instruction, or while exposures are made, is forward, i. e, from right to left, Figures 6 and 20.

In Figures '7 to 11, 19 and 20 inclusive, it will be noted that pulley 12 on motor 58, through belt 12A, drives pulley 13 attached to shaft 14 on the end of which is worm 15 that meshes with and actuates gear 16. Gear 16 is attached to shaft 11, which in turn is attached to bevel gear 18, which meshes with and rotates another bevel gear 19. The beveled gear 19 is slidably mounted on shaft 88, which permits gear 19 to actuate the splined shaft throughout the lateral travel of table top B55. At each end of this splined shaft is a gear 8!, each of which mesh with a rack 82 attached to table top B on either side. This gearing drives said table top either forward or backward (also table top A65 through rods 18),

depending on the direction in which the drive motor is run. In order to rapidly return the tables to the starting position, the speed of the motor is increased by raising the voltage applied to the motor. This is accomplished by means of the thre contact double throw switch having switch blades X, H, G, as shown in Figure 24.

Crab is introduced into the trainer in response to rotating crab handle 83 by the instructor, which handle is shown in Figures 1, 6, 7, 15 and 20. This handle is attached to the crab actuating screw 84 shown in Figures 19 and 20, which screw in turn is threaded in nut 86 pivoted to an adjustable arm support 85, while the base 81 of this arm support is securely strapped to the vertical shaft B66, best shown in Figures '7, 19 and and indicated in Figure 6. Thus as crab handle 83 is turned, the vertical shaft B66 is rotated, causing "the table unit B to swing about its vertical axis, thereby introducing crab. Inasmuch as the two table units are connected by rods 10, as illustrated in Figure 20, table unit A is turned or crabbed the same amount and in the same direction as table unit B, The table units are so mounted that there is provided a maximum crab angle of 20.degrees each side or a total rotation of 40 degrees. It should be noted that screw shaft 84 is carried in outer bearing 84A that is pivotally mounted on pedestal 83A, which in turn is attached to cabinet 5| by a bracket 833 as shown in Figure 7. r

The detail, or image, on the mosaic transparency, indicated generally in Figure 20 as M, is projected into the view-finder 51 by means of the projection lamp 59 shown in Figure 7. To the right of the lamp is a reflector 88 which reflects the light through a window 66W in vertical hollow shaft B56 onto a mirror 68 which is mounted therein at an angle of degrees. From mirror 68, the light passes through a piece of opal glass 89G, which is held in spring brackets 89. The lower ends of these brackets are secured to the top side of table base B83 as indicated in Figure '7. Thus the opal glass diffuses and transmits the reflected light to and through that part of the mosaic under observation by the student in the view finder 51. It should be remembered that the top end of hollow shaft B66, indicated by the shaft is rotated. Attached to this arm 93, on

- Figure 23.

circles in Figures 30 to 38, inclusive also indicatev the partof themosaic being observedby the student. X

Tilt is introduced into the trainer by means or.

the tilt controlhandle 98 mounted'on thelow'er' front end of the trainer, Figures 1, 6 and. 15.1 Moving this handle, which is attached to the tilt' shaft 9|, in an upward or downward motion moves said shaft about its horizontalaxis. As

shown in Figures 6 and 23, shaft 9| is longitudinally and off-centrally disposed in thetrainer and extends through ledge 54, is mounted inside: the table support ledge 54 by bearings 92, Figure 6, At the rear of shaft 9|, arm 93 is keyed.

thereto, consequently this arm is rocked as the either side, is cable 94 which is carriedaround pulleys 95 pivotally mounted to the cabinet, and then this cable 94- is anchored to the lowerrear' corners of the cabin,note Figure 6 as shown in Therefore, as tilt control handle is moved in an upward or downward motion, the cabin 59 is rocked upon its horizontal axis on bearings 52 and 53 (note Figures 1 and 6),"thu's introducing tilt into the trainer.

movement of 8 degrees. the tilt can be varied as required. i

An escapement mechanism has been provided for each table unit to shift them laterally after" each flight line has been recorded, note Figures" 7, 12, 13, 14, 19 and 20. Since duplicate escape-1 ment mechanisms are employed on'units A and, B the prefix letters will be dropped fromthe designatin characters. There is in the rear of each table top (note Figure 20) an adjustable push rod 96 and in front of each table top another push rod 91. On the front side of each on one side of each is attached dog 99.

set of ratchet teeth equally spaced in staggered relation; (Note Figures 12 to 14.) Front teeth I88 are formed in bar [080 and spaced one inch apart and the rear teeth I88R are formed in bar IDUD, also spaced one inch apart. The front set are spaced so that each front tooth is halfway between each rear tooth, thus making the lateral distance of one-half inch between adjacent teeth. There is attached to shaft. 98, 'uSttothe right of dog 99, a dog operating lever It'll. As the spring biased table tops reach the limit of their forward travel, push rod 96 engages the do operating lever HII backward travel, push rod 91 engages the dog operating lever thereby causing the shaft 98 to rotate and which, in turn, causes the dog to shift from arear tooth to the line of front ratchet teeth, allowing the table to shift laterally again one-half of a flight line, Therefore, between.

attached to the right side of thetable'base mem 9 bers 63 and to which is attached cable I03, around There is sufli-f cient clearance between the lower corners 'of the cabin 59 and the cabinet 5| to allow tilting of] 4 degrees either side of the horizontal, or a total Obviously, the range of which causes the shaft 98 to rotate and which, in turn, causes the dog to shift from a front tooth to the line of rear teeth allowing the tables to shift laterally one-half of a, flight line in response to a spring, described pres-. ently. As the table tops reach the limit of their pulley I 033' which in turn'is' attached at- 103A to the near side of the intermediate slide. Thus, thetable tops are pulled over as the-dogs release them after eachflig ht. To permit hand shifting of the tables, there is-provided a knob] I04 on shaft 98 onthe side opposite the dog, this allows manual shifting on orientation of the' dog for returning the tablesto the first flight strip.

A's crab and tilt are introducedinto' the trainer by" the instructor, it is necessary for the student to make corrections with the camera'to oifset or compensate for these errors. After the degree of crab is determined by means of theview-fi'nder,

the camera is rotated about itsvertical axis so that it is parallel to the view-finder. The camera mount is a gimbal, thereby providing for universal movement within the indicated limits. As

shown in Figures 6, 21 and 22; rotation of the camera for crab correction is made possible by the camera magazine being pivotally attached'to the top of the cone I; Attached to the lower part of and through the center of inner camera mount ring IE6 is bar "18' and secured to the center of. thi's bar is vertical shaft I0! which extends upward to the-center of the mount ring assembly. In Figure fii the cone. Hl5' and gimbal mount Care shown partially in sectionalong the vertical axis of. shaft I'll-1 to show the bar I08. Cone N55 has a centrally-located hole into which is passed the shaft I01 for rotatively mounting the cone on shaft l 0 1. As shown in Figures 21 and 22, the outercameramount ring I119 is attached to shaft. H0 at the rear or right side thereof and this shaft H0 is mounted in a bearing lc'tz which is secured to the floor of the cabin. The outer ring I09 is-also attached to shaft 55 at 55 B on the front ofthe ring I09, which shaft passes through front wall 55 A of thecabin 5i] and is fixed to the outer printing ring PR of assembly P and it should again be noted that this shaft 55 is the horizontal axis of thecabincabinet assembly and that said shaft ties the 'outer ring of the printing and camera mount gimbals together; it should also be noted again that it is about this axis that the cabin 50 is rocked to introduce tilt. With the camera mount rings so connected to each other and to the trainer, it is possible for the student to make cormotion for tilt in any direction. For leveling the camera mount ring assembly and the printer mount ring assembly when the trainer is set up, there is provided level adjusting screws Ill.

Inasmuch as no photographsare made with the camera in the trainer and one of the objects of this invention isto provide a record of the manipulations of the camera and the trainer during instruction, there-is attached tothe front end of the cabin a printing apparatus for imprinting the students and the instructors markers on paper as a record. This assembly is generally referredas as P. (Note Figures 1, 6, 15, 21, 22and .25 to 29;) This assembly is also a gimba'l. however the rings are smaller in diameter, as in dicated in Figures 1 and 22. The outer or front extremity of printing ring PR is attached to the cabin by means o-fshaft H3 that is mounted in bearing l M in the printingring support bracket H5. The rear of this outer ring is mounted on shaft 55" that is attached-to the outer camera mount ring Hi9. Thus the printing ring assembly and the cameramount ring assembly are in the: same horizontal plane and rotate about the same axis as av unit. Pivotall'y attached to the :sideot the cone [85g onwhich the camera magaiZll'le' 5 6 is mounted, is a connecting link. H6 that;

"printing ring H9. when the camera is rotated to correct for crab,

spider. H1 is rotated correspondingly and in the same direction as the camera. Since the outer mount ring and outer printing ring are mounted on the-same horizontal axis, any'tilt correction .thatis made inthe camera along the longitudinal axis is transmitted to the printing ring; HTIA is a cross bar in:ring- H T.

On the bottom of the inner camera mount ring Hi6 there isrigidly attached bar I08, to which is rigidly attached a vertical shaft 12!] extending downwardly. Note Figure 21. Connected to shaft lZii-is another-connecting rod 129A, which in turn is connected to the vertical shaft I l 8t-hat is attached to-the inner printing mount ring. The actions and reactions of the student in his efforts to correct the camera for tilt in a fore and aft directionare transmitted through this rod IRA to the inner printing mount ring. Thus, it isseen that when any corrections are made. in the camera. for tilt in any direction or for crab these corrections aretransmitted t0. the printing rings. I

I The two electro-mechanical printers for actuating theinstifuctors and studentis type bars aresubstantially duplicates, therefore a detailed description of one will'suifice. InFigure 25 the students. printer, is designated by numeral; [2] and the instructors by numeraljl'zzz An enlarged front; and sidefview of the. students printer, are shown in. Figures 28 and 2.9. Although the printers. are similar, the markers or type are different. The studentsmarker is shown in Figure 26, While; the. instructors marker is shown in Figure 27; The. instructors printer l22 isattachedto. the printing ring Support bracket l 1'5, consequently-is in a fi'xedposition relative to the cabin since itis attachedthereto at HEB. Therefore an'y 'mot'ion'thatis introduced into the cabin ofthe trainer by the instructor to simulate tilt is recorded by this printer. The students printer is attached .to spider .HJ, therefore is in a fixed fpositionjrejlative to. the camera. and; since all manipulationsofithe camera are transmittedto this spider, printer 'l'2'l records the mannerin which the camera, was manipulated by the student for correction, or aiming the camera for for crab and tilt, he trips the camera to actuate the printing mechanism which. is activated by solenoids, the plungers I23 thereof operating the markers. I The structure. of this part of the ap paratus will appear later herein.

As illustrated in Figures 25. to 29. each marker is attached to its respective wish bone arm I24 which .in turnis pivoted at I24A to bracket 124B.

arm T24 is coupled to the connecting link I'25 thatinjturn is articulated to plunger I23 of the solenoid. Bymeansof I 23A the markers are held in the up or .alt restpositionby tension from springs 124s and-this tension is overcome when 1 1 current is applied to the solenoids. The printing cycle is such that the instructors printer is first operated and, upon its return to a normal or rest position, the students printer is operated. Al-

though'the students printer is operated after the instructors printer, the speed of operation of the 'printers'is so great, in fact so nearly instantaneous that the displacement between the markers is not discernible even with the table tops moving at maximum speed. The actual printing is accomplished by the markers striking a standard inked ribbon I25, thus reproducing each marker symbolon the record sheet. This ribbon, wound on spools I10 and Ill, is advanced by means of a ratchet, not shown, that is attached to take-up spool I! I. The ribbon is advanced every time an exposure is made, by the action of the instructors printer. structors printer mount I24B by means of bracket I HA. The ribbon guide I26A is pivoted to in' structors printer mount at I1I B and is pivoted only at this point. The guide is supported by the ribbon guide IZBA, carrier IIOA, which carrier in turn rests on rod I'IEIB, note Figure 22. The ribibon supply spool is attached to the guide carrier at NBC and at the same point the guide'is attached to guide carrier. 7

- Although the two markers are. referred to as the instructors and the students, it must be pointed out that the instructor has no control over the operation of either printer, as they are both operated bythe student when he trips the camera or actuates the lever for closing contacts F, Fl, Figure 24. In addition to the instructors and students markers, there is attached to the printing ring support bracket a tracer pen I21. This pen records the manner in which the trainer has been operated by the instructor. That is, whether the crab and tilt were introduced roughly or smoothly and whether the conditions under which the student was working represented smooth or rough flying.

Attention is again directed to the instructor's marker and the students marker as shown in Figures 27 and 26, respectively, and explained above. From the record that is made during use under instruction, it is possible to determine the degree and direction of the difliculties or movements introduced into the trainer by the instructor, the approach to perfection, the degree and direction of the mistakes that the student made. The record sheets used on the trainer will have drawn on them nine finely inscribed lines one inch apart to represent flight lines. The degree of crab in either the instructors or students marker is determined by measuring the angle between either marker and the flight line. The amount of tilt is determined by measuring the perpendicular distance between the flight line and the center of either marker. Thus, it is seen that tilt on these records is shown as displacement from the flight just as it is on a photograph. The trainer printing mechanism is so designed that 0.25 inch displacement from the flight line represents 2 degrees of tilt. The degree of fore.

and aft tilt, which will be referred to as tip, is found by measuring the distance, parallel to the flight line, from the center of the students.

marker to the center of the instructors marker. Here also, 0.25 inch displacement represents 2 degrees. The amount of forward overlap is determined by the distance between the points where the succeeding instructors markers cross the flight line and, on the trainer, "60 percent QV lrlap Take up spool I1! is attached to in.

r ,of the instructors and students markers.

. ,from this pen' has been omitted fromFigures 16. and '17 as they are not typical flight lines and its r students marker, likewise I44 to I41 show the students marker operated independently of the instructors marker. Records exactly of this nature do not happen during operation of the trainer, but have been shown here to illustrate the difference in the markers; numeral I40 shows the instructors marker without any error introduced into the trainer; numeral I4I with 2 degrees of tilt to the right; numeral I42 with 20 degrees of crab to the right; and numeral I43 with 2 degrees of tilt and 20 degrees of crab to the left. Numerals I44, I45, I46 and I41 show the students marker with the errors enumerated above introduced into the camera. Numerals I48 and I49 illustrate both markers operated and without any errors in either. Numeral I50 shows both markers without crab or tilt, but without the proper interval between exposures or, as is commonly called, insuflicient overlap with marker I49 and excessive overlap with marker I5I.

"Numeral I52 shows .both markers without any error and with proper overlap. In'Figure' 17, numeral I53 shows that the instructor introduced 2 degrees of tilt to the left that the student failed to correct; numeral I54 shows that the student overcorrected by 2 degrees, while numeral I55 shows that the student made the proper correction. Numeral I56 shows that'the instructor introduced no tilt but 20 degrees of crab to the right which the student failed to correct. Numeral I 51 showsthat the student overcorrected his crab by 20 degrees;

latitudinal axis causing tip of 2 degrees in aforward direction; while numeral IIiII shows that the student had his camera tilted about the same axis but in an opposite direction causing 2 degrees of tip ina backward direction. This is shown by the displacement between the centers "Nu- -meral-16I shows that the instructor introduced 2 degreesof tilt and 20 degrees of crab and the student corrected for the tilt but not for the crab;' Numeral I62 shows that the instructor introduced 20 degrees of crab to the right and 2 degrees of tilt to'the'left and the student overcorrected his crab and tilt but had about 2 degrees of tip. Numeral I63 shows'that the instructor introduced 20 degrees of crab to the right and 2 degrees of tilt to the left and the student did not make quite enough correction for crab or 7 rected for these errors but failed to trip. the camera at the correct time resulting in insufiicient overlap with marker I 63} Numeral I55 shows that there was. introduced into the trainer l 7 20degrees of crab to the right and 1 degree oftilt .to the right and the student made the necessary a corrections and has proper overlap or interval.

It has been mentioned before that there .isfa' tracer pen attached to'the trainer but the line absence makes it possibleto moreclearly describe the above markings.

Figure 18 is a typical flight line, as done. by a student on the trainer. The imprints oftheinstructors marker show that there was. tilt, and

crab-introduced into the trainer throughout the flight and the irregular tracer line, 34A made, by pen I'Z'l, shows that the trainer was handled irregularly or roughly throughout the period of training. The imprints of the students marker show that he manipulated the camera skillfully and held it almost level at the instant of eachexposure throughout the flight and properly corrected for crab and the interval between the exposures wassatisfactory. that the distance traveled by the table. tops A63, B63 permits 18 exposures to be made to each flight line if the forward overlap, or' proper overlap between exposures, is maintained. However the space on drawing herewith permits only 13 exposures.

Figures 4 and 5 schematically represent a modifled' apparatus for simulating ground movement in terms of a view-finder, or a means for-creating the illusion thatlthe trainer is an aerial-ye hicle flying over terrain. Thesefigures also show a modified structure for recording the movements and operations as explained hereinbefore.

On table 202 a pair of rollers 20! and 20-2 are pivotally mounted and geared to ro-tatein oppo- It should be noted,

site directions through gears 203 and 204. These 4 ground movement; an illuminating source" 2 20,

aided by reflector 22!; a mirror 22! to direct the light upward through a sheet of opal glass 222 which properly disperses the light for readily viewing the transparency. Tables 2.0?! and 2L3 are rotatably coupled by connecting rods 1223, which rods are pivotally attached totable arms 2-24 at 22313. The tables rotate about a vertical axis, centrally located in shafts 225 and 226.

The circuit shown in Figure 24 has been developed to actuate plungers T, U, (I23, in Figure 25-) to apply markers IM, SM sequentially to-prevent conflict of the actuating arms l'24' and toeffect these movements instantly for accuracy and to prevent blurring of the record since. the latter is in motion when the marker types contact the record sheet.

When the camera shutter lever is tripped by the student, with the 3 blades X, H and G of the two position switch in the broken line position, as shown in Figure 24, the shutter lever closes contacts F, Fl, and current passes through the primary circuit consisting of: wire Ni: from the'terminal of the battery through blade X, contact Xi, wire NA, contacts F. Fi, wire contacts Ni, N2, wire N4 to solenoid TA and negative return wire E5 to battery M2-M, therebiy'moving plunger T from the sol-idline to the dotted line position, whereupon flange S, an integral part of plunger T, opens contacts NI, N2 and closes contacts NI, N3 and puts a feed on wire 1 connected to contact. El. Plunger T is biased to -the full line or normal position by spring T3 in Figuren24z. This: oorresponds to springs 1 Sin: Figure 28. Theopeningz'of contacts NI, N2'iremoves the shunt from; and energizes winding N5 of stick relay N; It'rshould .be noted thatwinding N5Jis ofaa great number-of turnsof small'wire in term's of: windingtTA, which has relatively few. turns of azcoarsewi'reh Therefore, when the current flowiing. to: TA- is limitedi by winding N there are not suflicient' ampere-turns in TA to" effect. movementiofiplungerT. Since contact E1 is a. spring leafi having a normal set to remain open (the dotted? line. position)? so. long; as flange S and plungerv T are in the actuated; position by sole noid TA;. current is, prevented from flowing to COIKbaClT-E,BIIdS'llbr-Ciffilllt consisting of wire E2, contacts: D4,. D2; wire D3; winding Ul', return wire E5 to battery; This is the feed; circuit: from winding Ul. However it is to be noted that contacts E; El are" opened for only an instant since the opening of contactsNi and: N2 opens and retains open the directfeed to TAso-long ascentacts F; Fl remain closed, also the front contactsof relay N remain closed until contacts F; Ft are opened; This energizes the secondary circuit'whicmas stated; actuates solenoid UI' and instantly moves plunger U from. its full line to its broken linesposititonz. Plunger U is biased to the full line or normal position by spring U3. During this operation the back contacts of stick relay D are opened and so retained as long; as contacts-F, Fl are: closed. Since the relation of windings D and III are" the same as N5 and TA, the full cycle Off. operation of plunger U is instantaneous. it necessarily follows thatthe closing of contacts F, Fl effect sequential operation of plungers T; U, respectively; since plunger I23 (T in. Figure: 24) operates the instructors marker, IM' in Figure 28; and plunger I23 (U in Figure 24) operates the students' marker SM.

Attention is again called: to the fact that the electro-mechanical apparatus, shown on an en larged scale in- Figures 28' and 29, foractuating the; students and instructors markers SM, 1M, respectively, are substantial duplicates; In Fig:- ure 28 relay designated generally as 123C corresponds to stick relay; N, inlFigure" 24 Relay D issimilar in' construction to relayN, except relay D has only aback contact; while relay N has both a front and back contact. NoteFigure 24. Characters 0 and Q designate loops or springs to provide resiliency to the armatures with which they are associated.

In. Figure 24 there is shown also a motor circuit that is separate from the primary and secondary circuits described. This circuit is controlled by blades H, G of the double throw switch and arranged for driving-the motor in a forward directionv on battery current at six volts and in reverse on substantially twelve volts for increasedspeed'. This-switch also interrupts the supply of current when in the vertical or neutral position.

When the switch bladesare inthe dotted line position, the motor is operating on 6volts and driving table tops A85 and B" in a forward direction. The circuit used for this connection extends from the terminal of battery M through variable resistance J, through blade- G, wire G! to motor armature K; blade H, wire HI through motor field L,-wires Ll E5 to the nega tive terminal. It should be noted that when bladesX, H, G, are in thedotted position, the mo tor'i's operating at normal speed the printing apparatus can be operated, also that when the table tops A65 and" B65 have; reached the limit v of their forward travel, the switch blades G, H,

X are thrown to the solid line position by the instructor, reversing the table driving motor and the direction of motion of the tables by directing current from terminal battery M2 through .blade X, contact X2, wire NA, through armature K, wire GI, blade H, wire I-II, then through field L, wires Ll, E5 to the negative terminal of battery M. It should be noted that when the blades are in the solid line position for reversing the motor and returning the tables to the starting position, the feed circuit to the printing apparatus is open, therefore inactive and the printit is desired to subject students to only elementary training, therefore, I wish'to be limited only by the prior art and the appended claims.

I claim:

1. An aerial trainer for zenithial photography comprising, a cabin; means for tilting the cabin in simulation of the tilting of an aeroplane in actual flight; a camera movably mounted on the cabin having an exposure release operable tosimulate the making of a photographic exposure; means for laterally rotating and tilting the camera to correct for deviation from a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a view finder defining the field of the camera and movably mounted upon the cabin for determining the position of the cabin relative to a simulated flight course by observing the movement of terranean objects 'in the View finder; a terranean photograph movably mounted beneath and in registry with the view finder;' means for longitudinally moving the photograph to simulate the conditions of longitudinal flight in the view finder and means for laterally turning the photograph relative to the longitudinal axis of the cabin to simulate the introduction of crab into the Iongitudinal flight of an aeroplane; means for laterally rotating and tilting the view finder to determine the deviation from a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a record sheet movably mountedbeneath the cabin; means for moving the record sheet in accordance with the movement of the photograph; recording means secured to the cabin and movable therewith for tracing the simulated line of flight upon the record sheet; a first recording mechanism secured to the cabin and movable therewith for recording upon the record sheet the simulated deviation of the cabin from true horizontal and longitudinal flight; a second recording mechanism secured tively associated with the exposure release of the camera for actuating the said first and second recording mechanisms to record the 'simulat-' ed deviation existing at the time the exposure,

release is operated.

- 2; An aerial trainer m zenithial photography I 16 7 comprising a cabin; means fortilting the cabln in simulation of the tilting of an aeroplane in actual flight; a camera movably mounted upon the cabin having an exposure release operable .to simulate the making of a photographic exposure; a view finder for the camera; means for laterally rotating and tilting the camera to cormeet for deviations from a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course observed in the view finder; a terranean photograph movably mounted beneath and in registry with the view finder; means for moving the photograph to simulate the conditions of actual flight in the view finder; means operatively associated with the cabin and the photo-graph for recording the simulated line of flight of the cabin relative to the photograph; a first recording mechanism operatively associated with the cabin and the photograph, and

operable to record the simulated deviation of the cabin from a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a second recording mechanism operatively associated with the camera and the photograph and operable to record the relative positioning of the camera to correct for the flight.

deviations observed in the view finder; and means operating in'response to an operation of the exposure release, for operating the first and second recording mechanisms to record the simulated deviations existing at the. time of making the simulated photographic exposure. 7

3. An aerial trainer for zenithial photography comprising a cabin; a camera movably mounted upon the cabin having an exposure release operable successively to simulate the making of photographic exposures in succession; a view finder for the camera; a terranean photographrmounted beneath and in registry with the view finder;

means for moving the cabin and the photograph relative one to the other to simulate the tilting and turning of an aeroplane in actual flight to simulate deviations of actual flight in the view finder; mean for moving the camera to correct for the deviations observed in the view finder; a first recording mechanism operatively associated with the cabin and the photograph, and operable to record the simulated deviation of the cabin from a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a second recording mechanism operatively associated with the camera and the photog raph, and operable to record the relative positioning of the camera to correct for the deviations observed in the view finder; and means operating in response to an operation of the exposure release, for operating the first and second recording mechanisms to record the simulated deviations existing at the time of operating the exposure release. 7

4. An aerial trainer as defined in the preceding claim comprising, means operatively associated with the first andsecond recording mechanisms and the photograph, for recording the relation existing between the photographic field of the successive photographic exposures.

' 5. An aerial trainer of the grounded type comprising, a cabin; mechanism movably mounted upon the cabin and requiring definite alignment with terranean objects in accordance with visual observations; control means 'for the mechanism adapted to be operated when the required alignment of the mechanism is obtained; a view finder for the. mechanism; a terranean photograph mounted beneath and in registry with the view finder; means :for moving the cabin and thepho tograph relative one to the other to simulate the movement of an aeroplane in actual flight to,

simulatedeviations of actual flightin theview finders means for "moving the mechanism to obtain the required alignment with the terranean objects=observecl in the finder; a fi'rstrecordingdevice op'erati-vely'associated with thecabin and the photograph, andoperable to record the simulateddeviation= of the cabin from a true horizontal and" lc'mgitudina'l flight course; a second recording device operatively associated with the mechanism and thephotograph; and operable to record the positioning of the mechanism; and means operating in response to an actuation of the control means, for operating the first and second recordingdevicestd recordcthe simulated deviations existing-atthe time of actuating the control means.

6. An aerial trainer as deflnedimtheapreced ing claim. comprising, means, operatively associated with the cabin and the photograph for recording'the simulated line of flight of the cabin relative to. the photograph.

7.. An aerial-trainer of the grounded type comprising, acabin; means f'or tilting the cabin in simulation of the tilting of an aeroplane-in actual flight; a. mechanism--movably mounted upon the cabin. requiring definite alignment with terranean objects in accordance with visual observations; control means for the mechanism adapted to be operated when the required alignment of the mechanism is obtained; a view finder for the mechanism; a terranean photograph movably mounted beneath and in registry with the view finder; means for longitudinally moving the photograph to simulate the conditions of lon itucli nal flight in the view finder, and means for laterally turning the photograph relative to the iongitudinal axis of the cabin to simulate the condition of crab introduced into the longitudinal flight of an aeroplane; means for moving the mechanism to obtain the required alignment with the terranean objects observed in the finder; a record sheet movably mounted beneath the cabin; means for moving the record sheet in accordance with the movement of the photograph; a first recording device secured to the cabin and movable therewith, for recording upon the record sheet the position of the cabin relative to a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a second recording device secured to the mechanism and movable therewith for recording upon the record sheet the relative positioning of the mechanism; and means operatively associated with the control means for actuating th first and second recording devices, to record the simulated conditions existing at the time the control means is actuated.

8. An aerial trainer as defined in the preceding claim comprising, recording means secured to the cabin and movable therewith for tracing the simulated line of flight upon the record sheet.

9. An aerial trainer for zenithial photography comprising, a cabin; means for tilting the cabin to simulate the condition of tilting an aeroplane in actual flight; a dummy camera movably mounted upon the cabin and having an exposure release operable successively to simulate the making of photographic exposures in succession; a view finder for the camera; a terranean photograph mounted beneath and in registry with the view finder; means for longitudinally moving the photograph to simulate the conditions of longitudinal flight in the view finder, and means for laterally turning the photograph relative to the lon itudinal axis of the cabin to simulate the condition of crab introduced into the longitudinal flight of an aeroplane; means forrotating and tilting thecamera to obtain the required alignment withthe'terraneanobjects observed in the viewfinder; afirst recording mechanism operatively associated with the cabin and the photo graph, andoperabletorecord the position of the cabin-relativeto a true-horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a second'recording mechanism operatively associated with thecamera and the photograph, and operable-- torecord the relative positioning of the camera; and means operating i'n-res-ponse'to an operation of the exposure release, for operating the first and second recording mechanisms; to -record the simulated conditions existing at the time of operating the exposure release;

10; An aerial trainer as defined in the preceding claim comprising, means operatively associat'ed'withthe cabinand the photograph, for recording the simulated line of flight of the cabin relative to-thephotograph; and means operatively associated with the first and second record'- ing mechanisms and the photograph for recording the relation existing between the photographic field of the successive photographic exposures.

11-. Arr aerial trainer for zenithial photography comprising, a cabin; a camera movably mounted upon the cabin having an exposure release operable to simulate the making of a photographic exposure; a view finder for the camera; means for presenting photographic images of terranean objects beneath and in registry with the view finder; means for moving the cabin and the photographic images relative one to the other to simulate the conditions of actual flight in the view finder; means for moving the camera to obtain the required alignment with the images observed in the finder; a first recording mechanism operatively associated with the cabin and the photographic presentation means, and op-erably to re cord the position of the cabin relative to a true horizontal and longitudinal flight course; a second recording mechanism operatively associated with the camera and the photographic presenta tion means, and operable to record the relative positioning of the camera; and means operating in response to an operation of the exposure release, for operating the first and second recording mechanisms to record the simulated conditions existing at the time of operating the exposure release.

12. An aerial trainer of the grounded type comprising a cabin; visual means presenting representations of elements as observed by an occupant of a plane in actual flight; means for moving the cabin and the visual means relative one to the other, to simulate the conditions of actual flight; mechanism mounted upon the cabin and requiring definite alignment with certain of the aforesaid representations; control means for the mechanism adapted to be operated when the required alignment of the mechanism is obtained; a first recording device operatively associated with the cabin and the visual means, and operable to record the position of the cabin relative to a true horizontal and longitudinal flight position; a second recording device operatively associated with the mechanism and the visual means, and operable to record the alignment of the mechanism; and means operating in response to an operation of the control means, for operating the first and second recording devices to record the simulated conditions existing at the time of the operation of the said control means.

13. An aerial trainer of the grounded type comprising, a cabin; visual means presenting representations of elements as observed by an occupant of a plane in actualflight; means for moving the cabin andthe visual means relative one to the other to simulate the conditions of actual flight; a mechanism movably mounted upon the cabin and requiring definite alignment with certain of the aforesaid representations; means for moving the mechanism to obtain the required alignment; a first recording device operatively associated with the cabin and the visual means, and operable to record the position of the cabin relative to a true horizontal and longitudinal flight position; a secondrecording-device operatively associated with the mechanism and the visual means, and operable to record the positioning of the mechanism; and control means for operating the first and second recording devices to record the simulated conditions existing at the time of the operation of the control means. r V 14. An aerial trainer of the grounded type com-- prising, a cabin; visual means presenting representations of elements as observed by anoccupant of a plane in actual flight; means for moving the cabin and the visual means relative one to the other to simulate the conditions of actual flight; a first recording device operatively associated with the cabin and the visual'means for recording the simulated line of flight of the cabin relative to the visual means; a second recording device operatively associated with the cabin and the visual means, and operable to record the position of the cabin relative to a true horizontal and longitudinal flight position; and control means for operating the second recording device for recording the simulated deviation of the cabin existing at the time of the operation of the control means. r WALLACE SIDNEY PARK.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent: .7

UNITED ,STATES PATENTS:

Number Name I Date 1,269,374 Brodstrom June 11, 1918 2,313,480 Reid Mar. 9, 1943 2,230,149 Weddington Jan. 28, 1941 Re. 13,310 Pogolski Nov. 7, 1911 1,402,498 Horn 'Jan, 3, 1922 7 1,939,706

Karnes Dec. 19, 1933 

